Reproduction of
dogs is not the same as breeding. For the first the male and
female is required, minimum knowledge regarding the dog and
place in the flat. The second means the purposeful work with
the breed, i.e. manufacturing breeding
The traditional
approach to the dog's breeding which is followed by us does
not contain any proper system or program. Any work is build
based on the principle "from the simple - to the complex".
There is not more obvious truth, that the quality of
posterity depends on the quality of the relatives and
hereditary factors. Therefore, not every dog may produce the
good posterity, which assume the necessity of the careful
selection and screening of dogs.
When selecting
the pedigree male dog the most valuable are considered
prepotent producers. Prepotent - is the ability of the
animal to pass strongly to it's posterity the features
inherent to the breed, even in case of coupling with non
similar animals. As usual, a good male dog possess strongly
shown sexual type, which appears not only in it exterior
qualities. It should be active, aggressive within the limits
for this breed. Many very good-looking, but listless and
spineless male dogs appear useless producers. It was noted
from the ancient times that "strong" male dog should have
strong, deep voice, without week, possess the noticeable
aspiration to dominate among the animals… The aspiration to
dominate is directly linked to the activity of it's
endocrine system, and, therefore, has the direct relation to
the functioning of the sexual sphere.
... An
experience shows that, while selecting the producers, you
should follow the following rule: never to couple the dogs
with the deficiencies of the same features even of the
opposite kind…
The exact
projection of the heritable features is only possible only
when the mechanics of their inheritance and interrelation is
definitely known, as well as there are full genetic cards of
the parent forms. The mechanism of inheritance of the most
of the features by the dogs are only studied at the
hypothesis level, and is unreal to create under the existing
science conditions the genetic cards for every dog.
There are two
methods, two strategic programs for the breeding of the
animals: inbreeding (relative coupling) and out breeding (cross)
- coupling of the individuals unrelated to each other. Both
methods are applied in the dog breeding and supplement each
other.
...
There are
different forms of it:
1. Close inbreeding - crossing of animals, standing in the
direct relationship (brother-sister, father-daughter,
mother-son 1-2; 2-2 in the genealogical table)
2. Close related inbreeding - crossing of animals standing
in the close relationship (cousin brothers and sisters,
uncle and niece, grandfather and granddaughter etc.; 1-3;
2-3; 3-2 in the genealogical table)
3. Moderate inbreeding - crossing of animals, having same
ancestry in the 3-4 generation of the genealogical table.
4. Remote inbreeding - mutual ancestry of the crossing
animals are above the forth generation in the genealogical
table (4-5;5-5;4-4)....
Inbreeding, where the posterity family tree contains of two
or more mutual ancestry is called complex breeding.
All the
inbreeding forms with diverse speed and intension serve the
transmission and concentration of the same genes from one
generation to another. At the end this process leads to the
genetic monotony - [гомозиготности] of the offspring
produced. It does not mean that all the offspring will be
homogeneous, but opposite, there will appear some puppies
with the accumulated recessive genes, i.e. such features
which were not inherent to their parents.
...The
aspiration to bring out the producers, which would be
transmitting their advanced qualities to the offspring, is,
obviously, inherent to each breeder.
It's not
possible to bring out similar dogs without resorting to
inbreeding, since each crossing leads to the genetic
variations of the offspring and the uncertainty of the
inherited features increase in geometric speed. From the
other side, when the breeder makes inbreeding it main
working method, it gets after the certain time passes the
bunch of deficiencies, defects and deformities among the
offspring of the looking normal producers…
You will not get
deformity or defect by inbreeding if the relevant genes are
not inherent to the producers. The dogs, which contain
hidden defects in their genotype, will spread them over and
over under the process of out breeding, and you will not be
able to escape their appearance: they "jump out" under an
appropriate combination of genes despite of the method of
breeding. Inbreeding, as opposite, allows to pick up and
concentrate deficiencies and defects among the part of
offspring, to discover them and cut of the useful features
via the strong and straight-out screening. This is the only
way to produce the dog of extra class, and although the need
of screening some puppies will seem cruel to somebody, it's
still worth of doing right away and meaningly, than to turn
the search of defects and "harmful" genes into the blind's
man buff extended for years and generations...
As a results of
inbreeding are stability of type, accumulation of valuable
features, producing of animals - ideal representatives of
the breed and producers with heredity of the highly
projected probability.
However the
inbreeding can not realize any new qualities in the
offspring, therefore this form of breeding is only effective
until the external circumstances require the animals with
other qualities or until the features of extinction of the
line appear. In this circumstances crossing is applied…
What forms of
inbreeding would be preferred and how to plan the breeding
in the farm? Unfortunately, nobody can give concrete
directions regarding breeding, which should be followed in
order to achieve the required result. Therefore the tactics
of dog breeding requires intuitive, creative and original
approach in any case…
...In the
development of inbreeding line the three stages can be
distinguished:
1. The initial
stage, growth of homozygosity, when in each of the
generation the percentage of splitting of genotype is
increasing. This appears in the diversification of the
offspring. The screening is complex due to the deviation of
quality of the offspring does not have exact polarity, which
would allow to displace valuable features to one side and
undesirable features - to another side.
2. The critical
stage, the period of the greatest accumulation of
undesirable homozygosity. According to genetic Robinson, the
critical periods for the average statistical line is 4 - 6
generation. The appearance of the numerous undesirable
features in the as earliest generation of inbreeded animals
as possible should be viewed as success. Since this saves
time of the breeder and allows to analyse the prospects of
the following jobs within the limited time frame… In the
hard cases it's temptation to apply crossing, which should
be avoided if possible. It is better to carry the work to
it's end, and come up to the last stage after "cleaning" the
line from undesirable genes.
3. The receipt
of the stable clean line. The screening on this stage is
miminal, since the overwhelming majority of undesirable
genotypes was already withdrawn from the genetic fund of the
line… Just clean lines represent the most valuables for the
selectionist.
....The
high-level dog breeding is inconceivable without the clean
lines, which appear at the third stage of inbreeding.
Crossing, in it
turn, is not less necessary method, since the inbreeding
itself produces only constant offspring, which is not able
to the further development. Therefore, as was noted, both
methods of breeding are interrelated and selection via
solely crossing or inbreeding is not possible…
............
